Founder of Mughal Empire: Zahir ud-Din Babur dies
On this day, 26 th December 1530, the founder of the Mughal Empire in Indian subcontinent, Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babur died in Agra, Mughal Empire. His successors, the Mughal emperors, established a powerful empire that dominated much of the Indian subcontinent until 1868 and continues to influence Indian culture today. Babur was of noble descent; he was…
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Empress Nur Jahan: Who wielded her authority in Indian Mughal Court
On this day, 18th December in 1645 CE, the Mughal Empress, and wife of the Mughal Emperor Jahangir, Nur Jahan died in Lahore (now in Pakistan). She was born Muhr-un-Nisa, but when Jahangir married her in 1611 CE, he granted her the title Nur Mahal (light of the palace), which she eventually elevated to Nur Jahan (light of the world). Nur Jahan was stunnin…
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Hulagu Khan: captures and destroys the Assassins Stronghold at Alamut
On this day, 15th December 1256, Hulagu Khan and his Mongolian army captured and destroyed the Hashashin stronghold at Alamut. The term "assassin" is derived from the Arab assassin group known as Hashashin. Hashashin refers to hashish smokers, commonly known as hash, a marijuana concentration. Genghis Khan is known as one of the greatest con…
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Al Ashraf Khalil, the 8th Mamluk Sultan of Egypt
On this day, 14 December 1293, Al-Ashraf Salah ad-Din Khalil ibn Qalawun, the eighth Mamluk sultan of Egypt assassinated in Turuja, Buhayra (Egypt). He was well known for conquering the last of the Crusader states in Palestine after the siege of Acre in 1291. Following Qalawun's death on November 9, 1290, Al-Ashraf Khalil took over. He delayed Qalaw…
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Al-Biruni: An Iranian Mathematician and Polymath
On this day, 13 th December 1048, an Iranian mathematician, astronomer and polymath, Abu Rayhan Muhammad Ibn Ahmad Biruni was died in Ghazna (now Ghazni, Afganistan). He was a scholar and scientist from Tajikistan who was also among the most eminent figures and erudite men of his time. He spent most of his life outside of Khiva, his birthplace. He was kn…
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Safdarjung's Tomb: A Reflection of Mughal Architectural Style
Safdarjung's Tomb: A Reflection of Mughal Architectural Style The Safdarjung Tomb, also known as "Safdarjung Ka Maqbara," is a garden tomb in New Delhi, India. It is made of marble and sandstone and was constructed in the late 18th century as the mausoleum of Safdarjung, a statesman who served as the Wazir ul-Hindustan (Prime Minister of…
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Fall of Jerusalem: British forces officially occupied Jerusalem from the Ottomans
On December 11, 1917, General Edmund Allenby, the high commander of the British military forces, entered Jerusalem and which marked the official end to Ottoman rule in Jerusalem after a period of 400 years (1517 to 1917 CE). General Allenby entered the Holy City on foot through the Jaffa Gate and the city became an occupied territory. According to Aljazee…
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Demolition of the Babri Masjid: A Historic Timelines
1528: Babri Masjid constructed Mir Baqi, a commander at the court of Emperor Babur, is supposed to have constructed the Babri Masjid in 1528, during the Mughal dynasty. Many scholars, politicians, and historical records claim that Babur constructed the mosque after demolishing a temple in Ayodhya, which was thought to be the capital of Rama's father…
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Averroes: Abu al-Walid Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Rushd
Abu Al- Walid Muhammad Ibn Ahmad Ibn Muhammad Ibn Rushd, popularly known as Averroes, Aven Ruiz, or Averrhoes in the West, was born in 1126,in Cordova (formerly the capital of Moorish Spain), and died on December 10, 1198 A.D. in Marrakech, Morocco (capital of the Almohad or al-Muwahhidun dynasty). Ibn Rushd was a true polymath, with knowledge, expertise…
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Hagia Sophia: A Symbolic Bridge between East and West
Due to its unique geographical location, Istanbul connects Asia and Europe. The city is located on both sides of the Bosphorus, a strait that divides two continents. Its length is around 31 kilometres (19.3 miles), while its width is significantly less than 1 kilometre (0.6 miles). Boats have been used to transport travellers across the chasm for millennia,…
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Genghis Khan Defeats Shah Jalal al-Din at the Battle of the Indus during the Mongol conquest of Central Asia
On 24 November 1221, Shah Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu of the Khwarezmian Empire and Genghis Khan of the Mongol Empire clashed on the Indus River. The battle ended the Mongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire. Mongols invaded Central Asia after unifying Mongol and Turkic tribes in 1206. Genghis Khan completed the expedition in 1221. It was part of the Mongol …
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Arab Spring: Yemeni President Ali Abdullah Saleh, Steps down
On 23 November 2011, President Ali Abdullah Saleh signed a Gulf Cooperation Council initiative to transfer power to a deputy and step down from the power. As a result of a military coup, Saleh became president of North Yemen in 1978. After Yemen's unification in 1990, he became the country's president. In 2012, less than a year after the Arab Sp…
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The Re-Conquest of Tripoli 1289
By: Natalie Mallat The Re-Conquest of Tripoli The Crusader state in Tripoli was the largest Frankish Catholic stronghold in the Levant. It had the longest rule, lasting for an uninterrupted 180 years. The County extended from Byblos (Jbeil in modern-day Lebanon) to Latakia (modern-day Syria). THE FRANKISH ARRIVAL During Arab Prince Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan’…
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