Genghis Khan Defeats Shah Jalal al-Din at the Battle of the Indus during the Mongol conquest of Central Asia
On 24 November 1221, Shah Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu of the Khwarezmian Empire and Genghis Khan of the Mongol Empire clashed on the Indus River. The battle ended the Mongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire. Mongols invaded Central Asia after unifying Mongol and Turkic tribes in 1206. Genghis Khan completed the expedition in 1221. It was part of the Mongol …
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Arab Spring: Yemeni President Ali Abdullah Saleh, Steps down
On 23 November 2011, President Ali Abdullah Saleh signed a Gulf Cooperation Council initiative to transfer power to a deputy and step down from the power. As a result of a military coup, Saleh became president of North Yemen in 1978. After Yemen's unification in 1990, he became the country's president. In 2012, less than a year after the Arab Sp…
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The Re-Conquest of Tripoli 1289
By: Natalie Mallat The Re-Conquest of Tripoli The Crusader state in Tripoli was the largest Frankish Catholic stronghold in the Levant. It had the longest rule, lasting for an uninterrupted 180 years. The County extended from Byblos (Jbeil in modern-day Lebanon) to Latakia (modern-day Syria). THE FRANKISH ARRIVAL During Arab Prince Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan’…
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Turkish Princess Durru Shehvar Married to Asaf Jah: Nizam of Hyderabad, British India
During World War I, Britain and its allies defeated Turkey, resulting in the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. Now the rulers of Saudi Arabia took control of the holy cities of Mecca and Medina. The Caliphate was in danger from the newly elected Mustafa Kemal Pasha of Turkey. Kemal Pasha desired to abolish the Caliphate and transform Turkey into a secular nat…
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Mustafa Kemal Ataturk: The Founder of Modern Turkey
On November 10, 1938, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the country's first president, passed away at his main residence in Istanbul's Dolmabahçe Palace. On November 21, his official funeral took place in the Turkish capital of Ankara, with dignitaries from 17 different countries in presence. Until the fifteenth anniversary of his passing on November 10, 1953,…
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Ibn Hazm al-Andalusi: A Renowned Muslim Scholar, Polymath, Theologian and Philosopher
Ibn Hazm was born in Cordoba in 994 to the Arabized Hispanic Bani Hazm family. His great-grandfather left the farm outside Huelva to join the Umayyad court in Cordoba, at the height of its splendor. Ahmad, Ibn Hazm's father, was a learned man who excelled at managing the political matters of Caliph Hisham II, and he advanced to the position of vizier.…
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Minarets: A Distinguish Characteristic of Islamic Architecture
The minaret is a significant architectural and spiritual landmark in Islam, but it has also influenced non-religious cultures. It's important in Muslim communities and homes. It is a large pillar or tower that is prevalent in local, commonly Muslim communities. The muezzin, a particular mosque official, recite the call to prayer five times a day from th…
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Umar Ibn al-Khattab: the Second Rightly Guided Caliph of Islam
The second "rightly guided" caliph, Umar ibn al-Khattab was born to the Quraysh Adi clan in Mecca in 581. Umar came from a middle-class background yet became literate and a champion wrestler. Umar wanted to kill prophet Muhammad (SAW) when he first preached Islam because he thought it was heretical against with the Quraysh and his ancestors. On h…
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Biography and History of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni
The ruler of the Ghaznavi Empire, Mahmud Ghaznavi (November 2, 971–April 30, 1030) was the first ruler in the world to attain the title of "Sultan". Despite the Muslim caliph being the political leader of what is now Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Afghanistan, Pakistan and northern India, he remained the religious leader of the emp…
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